officinale is found in the east, midwest, and west, and more sparingly in the southern states (Benson 1979). melting point, optical rotation and chromatographic profile), the molecular formula as determined. Authentication of standards will include description of characteristics such as physico-chemical properties (e.g. Comfrey is a native herb of Eurasia, and is often escaped or adventive in waste places (Gleason & Cronquist 1963). Standard reference materials will be prepared by isolation and purification of the major pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Symphytum sp. Symphytum officinale, commonly known as comfrey, is an evergreen herb belonging to the borage family (Boraginaceae). of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial comfrey products (Symphytum sp.). Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA July 1999. ![]() ![]() Germany (Brandenburg, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Hessen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thüringen) Switzerland Liechtenstein Netherlands Hungary Poland Romania Czech Republic Slovakia Albania Denmark Finland Ireland Norway Sweden ?Portugal Spain France Sardinia Malta Sicily Italy Montenegro Serbia & Kosovo Slovenia Croatia Macedonia Bosnia & Hercegovina Bulgaria Crimea C-European Russia N-European Russia E-European Russia Belarus Ukraine Estonia Latvia Lithuania Northern Caucasus Transcaucasus Siberia (W-Siberia) Russian Far East Australia (Western Australia, Victoria ) China (Fujian, Hebei, Liaoning, Xinjiang) Taiwan South Korea Kazakhstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam tropical Africa Argentina Hispaniola Bolivia Turkey (NW-Anatolia: Bithynia) European Turkey USA (Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington State, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming ) Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan ) St. Symphytum ×uplandicum Nyman (pro sp.) asperum × officinale - comfrey Symphytum asperum Lepechin - prickly comfrey Symphytum officinale L. The PA content of Symphytum officinale (common comfrey) may vary between 0.04. Distribution: Austria Belgium Luxembourg England Channel Isl.
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